Internal Radiation

"Internal" radiation or brachytherapy involves use of a variety of radioactive isotopes which are placed inside or near the tumor/cancer. By doing so, radiation does not have to go through the normal tissue between an external source and the target of radiation. Depending on whether the radioactive isotope is placed permanently or used temporarily, brachytherapy is categorized into two categories of permanent and temporary.

The most common form of permanent brachytherapy is prostate seed implant. In this form of treatment either Palladium (Pd-103) or Iodine (I-125) seeds are implanted inside the prostate. These seeds would irradiate the prostate gland and the cancer inside it as long as they are radioactive but eventually become inert.

Depending on the strength and therefore speed of delivery of radiation, temporary brachytherapy is categorized into Low Dose Rate and High Dose Rate brachytherapy. The most common example of temporary brachytherapy is the use of either Low Dose Rate (LDR) or High Dose Rate (HDR) forms of brachytherapy for the treatment of gynecological cancers specifically cervical and endometrial cancer. Through special catheters either cesium-137 (LDR) or iridium-192 (HDR) would be inserted nearby the tumor. During the period of time when the catheters remain in area, the prescribed dose of radiation would be delivered to the target. This would take about 48 hours in LDR but only a few minutes in HDR treatment.

HDR brachytherapy is also used in the treatment of breast cancer. This form of radiation for breast cancer is called Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation or APBI. After a lumpectomy a special applicator such as Mammosite or Contura balloon catheter or a Savi applicator is placed inside the lumpectomy cavity. Using HDR technology an iridium-192 radioactive source is inserted into any of these catheters to deliver radiation to the wall of the lumpectomy cavity.

Intraluminal brachytherapy is also used for the treatment of endobronchial tumors, esophageal cancer and cancers of biliary tract. Other forms of temporary brachytherapy include radioactive eye plaque in treatment of choroidal melanoma and Strontium-90 applicators for treatment of pterygium. "Internal" radiation or brachytherapy involves use of a variety of radioactive isotopes which are placed inside or near the tumor/cancer. By doing so, radiation does not have to go through the normal tissue between an external source and the target of radiation. Depending on whether the radioactive isotope is placed permanently or used temporarily, brachytherapy is categorized into two categories of permanent and temporary.

The most common form of permanent brachytherapy is prostate seed implant. In this form of treatment either Palladium (Pd-103) or Iodine (I-125) seeds are implanted inside the prostate. These seeds would irradiate the prostate gland and the cancer inside it as long as they are radioactive but eventually become inert.

Depending on the strength and therefore speed of delivery of radiation, temporary brachytherapy is categorized into Low Dose Rate and High Dose Rate brachytherapy. The most common example of temporary brachytherapy is the use of either Low Dose Rate (LDR) or High Dose Rate (HDR) forms of brachytherapy for the treatment of gynecological cancers specifically cervical and endometrial cancer. Through special catheters either cesium-137 (LDR) or iridium-192 (HDR) would be inserted nearby the tumor. During the period of time when the catheters remain in area, the prescribed dose of radiation would be delivered to the target. This would take about 48 hours in LDR but only a few minutes in HDR treatment.

HDR brachytherapy is also used in the treatment of breast cancer. This form of radiation for breast cancer is called Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation or APBI. After a lumpectomy a special applicator such as Mammosite or Contura balloon catheter or a Savi applicator is placed inside the lumpectomy cavity. Using HDR technology an iridium-192 radioactive source is inserted into any of these catheters to deliver radiation to the wall of the lumpectomy cavity.

Intraluminal brachytherapy is also used for the treatment of endobronchial tumors, esophageal cancer and cancers of biliary tract. Other forms of temporary brachytherapy include radioactive eye plaque in treatment of choroidal melanoma and Strontium-90 applicators for treatment of pterygium.

Balloon radiotherapy for breast cancer, also known as intracavitary brachytherapy, can deliver a focused dose of radiation to part of the breast. The standard since the 1980s has been whole breast radiation therapy given over a period of a few weeks. With the balloon placed by the surgeon, radiation can be delivered twice a day for ten treatments to make treatment more focused and convenient.

This is one form of accelerated partial breast irradiation, or APBI. This technique is investigational but promising enough that it's reasonable to consider as an alternative to whole breast radiation therapy. Depending upon how conservative you are regarding medical evidence, it may be best done only on a clinical trial or there are guidelines for treatment off protocol in selected circumstances, which I have answered on TalkAboutHealth before: http://bit.ly/mZ2Fdg

I offer this treatment to selected women but tend to favor standard whole breast radiation. There's a fair amount of hype about APBI but it's still not proven to be equally effective. I'm not sure if this is the NY Times article you meant, but I'll discuss this: http://nyti.ms/wVW62K

Recent data presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium showed that women receiving APBI were "about twice as likely to have a mastectomy in the following five years" after treatment compared to women receiving whole breast radiation. Sounds terrible, right? I call foul on the NY Times:

1. The failure rate almost doubled; 4% vs. 2.2%. Had the NY Times presented it based upon success rate, 96% vs 97.8%, it's not news.

2. It's a retrospective, broad stroke study. There can be all sorts of bias and no ability to account for quality control in how the treatment was done for APBI.

3. Presentations at academic meetings are interesting, but it's not finalized, peer-reviewed research until it's published.

I'm conservative regarding use of APBI. Don't believe the positive hype, but I don't put too much stock in the NY Times article. I hope that answers your question!


Balloon radiotherapy for breast cancer, also known as intracavitary brachytherapy, can deliver a focused dose of radiation to part of the breast. The standard since the 1980s has been whole breast radiation therapy given over a period of a few weeks. With the balloon placed by the surgeon, radiation can be delivered twice a day for ten treatments to make treatment more focused and convenient.

This is one form of accelerated partial breast irradiation, or APBI. This technique is investigational but promising enough that it's reasonable to consider as an alternative to whole breast radiation therapy. Depending upon how conservative you are regarding medical evidence, it may be best done only on a clinical trial or there are guidelines for treatment off protocol in selected circumstances, which I have answered on TalkAboutHealth before: http://bit.ly/mZ2Fdg

I offer this treatment to selected women but tend to favor standard whole breast radiation. There's a fair amount of hype about APBI but it's still not proven to be equally effective. I'm not sure if this is the NY Times article you meant, but I'll discuss this: http://nyti.ms/wVW62K

Recent data presented at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium showed that women receiving APBI were "about twice as likely to have a mastectomy in the following five years" after treatment compared to women receiving whole breast radiation. Sounds terrible, right? I call foul on the NY Times:

1. The failure rate almost doubled; 4% vs. 2.2%. Had the NY Times presented it based upon success rate, 96% vs 97.8%, it's not news.

2. It's a retrospective, broad stroke study. There can be all sorts of bias and no ability to account for quality control in how the treatment was done for APBI.

3. Presentations at academic meetings are interesting, but it's not finalized, peer-reviewed research until it's published.

I'm conservative regarding use of APBI. Don't believe the positive hype, but I don't put too much stock in the NY Times article. I hope that answers your question!

Brachytherapy for the treatment of melanoma is used for the treatment of choroidal or uveal (intraocular) melanoma as an eye-sparing technique. It is also referred to as plaque brachytherapy and can be performed with several isotopes including Iodine 125 (125I), gold 198 (198Au), palladium 103 (103Pd), and others. Guidelines are available by the American Brachytherapy Society: http://www.eyephysics.com/PS/PS5/UserGuide/References/PDF/Red_J_Articles/AmerBrachyRec03.pdf Brachytherapy for the treatment of melanoma is used for the treatment of choroidal or uveal (intraocular) melanoma as an eye-sparing technique. It is also referred to as plaque brachytherapy and can be performed with several isotopes including Iodine 125 (125I), gold 198 (198Au), palladium 103 (103Pd), and others. Guidelines are available by the American Brachytherapy Society: http://www.eyephysics.com/PS/PS5/UserGuide/References/PDF/Red_J_Articles/AmerBrachyRec03.pdf

Different physicians follow different guidelines for brachytherapy versus external beam radiation for breast cancer. We typically follow the American Brachytherapy Society guidelines for APBI:
Age ≥ 50-years-old; Histology (Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma); Clinical stage (T1, and T2 ≤ 3.0 cm, N0, M0: no distant metastases.)
This is the website: http://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/guidelines/abs_breast_brachytherapy_taskgroup.pdf
It is also very important that your surgeon is on board as often times closure of the lumpectomy cavity will factor in.
As we are selective in which patients are good candidates, both types have been equally successful in my practice. Different physicians follow different guidelines for brachytherapy versus external beam radiation for breast cancer. We typically follow the American Brachytherapy Society guidelines for APBI:
Age ≥ 50-years-old; Histology (Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma); Clinical stage (T1, and T2 ≤ 3.0 cm, N0, M0: no distant metastases.)
This is the website: http://www.americanbrachytherapy.org/guidelines/abs_breast_brachytherapy_taskgroup.pdf
It is also very important that your surgeon is on board as often times closure of the lumpectomy cavity will factor in.
As we are selective in which patients are good candidates, both types have been equally successful in my practice.