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CancerQuest
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| Communities: Breast Cancer | Thank You's: 5 |
| Member Since: Apr. 2011 | Questions: 1 |
| Answers: 26 |
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CancerQuest is a cancer education project based at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. Our goal is to empower cancer patients and caregivers with reliable information that is presented in an easy-to-understand way
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There are several different tests that can be performed on breast cancer tissue removed during breast biopsy/surgery. The general goal of the tests is to obtain detailed genetic information about the cancer cells. The results can help to a) predict response to particular treatments, b) predict the likelihood of recurrence of the cancer. By looking for changes in a carefully selected group of genes, it is possible to make these types of predictions. The tests (Mammaprint, Oncotype DX, etc.) look at different sets of genes and may be hard to compare directly. A site where you can learn more: http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/breast-genex?start=2.
There are several different tests that can be performed on breast cancer tissue removed during breast biopsy/surgery. The general goal of the tests is to obtain detailed genetic information about the cancer cells. The results can help to a) predict response to particular treatments, b) predict the likelihood of recurrence of the cancer. By looking for changes in a carefully selected group of genes, it is possible to make these types of predictions. The tests (Mammaprint, Oncotype DX, etc.) look at different sets of genes and may be hard to compare directly. A site where you can learn more: http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/breast-genex?start=2.
1
Answer |
6 months ago
There are numerous additional biomarkers under investigation. It is important to note that different biomarkers are likely to be useful for different reasons. Some biomarkers may help predict or determine responses to particular treatments and others may be useful in predicting how aggressive a particular cancer may be. Still other biomarkers are being tested as new diagnostic tools, for early detection of breast cancer.
Biomarkers can be found in the tumors themselves or in blood, urine, feces or even in breath samples.
They can be made of protein, RNA, or smaller biochemicals. Some biomarkers are actually measures of larger 'states' of the cell, including the stability of the chromosomes. There are too many under investigation to list them all here, but they include: Ki67 (a protein marker of cell division), chromosome length, and some microRNAs. For more details, see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=breast%20cancer%20biomarkers . There are numerous additional biomarkers under investigation. It is important to note that different biomarkers are likely to be useful for different reasons. Some biomarkers may help predict or determine responses to particular treatments and others may be useful in predicting how aggressive a particular cancer may be. Still other biomarkers are being tested as new diagnostic tools, for early detection of breast cancer.
Biomarkers can be found in the tumors themselves or in blood, urine, feces or even in breath samples.
They can be made of protein, RNA, or smaller biochemicals. Some biomarkers are actually measures of larger 'states' of the cell, including the stability of the chromosomes. There are too many under investigation to list them all here, but they include: Ki67 (a protein marker of cell division), chromosome length, and some microRNAs. For more details, see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=breast%20cancer%20biomarkers .
Biomarkers can be found in the tumors themselves or in blood, urine, feces or even in breath samples.
They can be made of protein, RNA, or smaller biochemicals. Some biomarkers are actually measures of larger 'states' of the cell, including the stability of the chromosomes. There are too many under investigation to list them all here, but they include: Ki67 (a protein marker of cell division), chromosome length, and some microRNAs. For more details, see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=breast%20cancer%20biomarkers . There are numerous additional biomarkers under investigation. It is important to note that different biomarkers are likely to be useful for different reasons. Some biomarkers may help predict or determine responses to particular treatments and others may be useful in predicting how aggressive a particular cancer may be. Still other biomarkers are being tested as new diagnostic tools, for early detection of breast cancer.
Biomarkers can be found in the tumors themselves or in blood, urine, feces or even in breath samples.
They can be made of protein, RNA, or smaller biochemicals. Some biomarkers are actually measures of larger 'states' of the cell, including the stability of the chromosomes. There are too many under investigation to list them all here, but they include: Ki67 (a protein marker of cell division), chromosome length, and some microRNAs. For more details, see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=breast%20cancer%20biomarkers .
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Biomarkers, Biology, Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Biomarkers, Markers, Cancer Biology
1
Answer |
6 months ago
The rules for organ donation vary by state. Patients with active cancer are frequently not able to donate most organs. Corneas are an exception to this and are usually accepted (except from leukemia patients). If you are interested in being an organ donor I would suggest that you go ahead and sign up. When you die, the medical professionals present can determine if any of your organs/tissues qualify for transplantation.
The rules for organ donation vary by state. Patients with active cancer are frequently not able to donate most organs. Corneas are an exception to this and are usually accepted (except from leukemia patients). If you are interested in being an organ donor I would suggest that you go ahead and sign up. When you die, the medical professionals present can determine if any of your organs/tissues qualify for transplantation.
1
Answer |
6 months ago
Digital tomosynthesis is very similar to a CT scan. Essentially, a machine takes many X-ray 'slices' of the breast that can then be pieced back together to create a virtual 3D image of the breast. To learn more, you can watch an animation about digital tommosynthesis at http://www.cancerquest.org/detection-digital-tomosynthesis.html .
Digital tomosynthesis is very similar to a CT scan. Essentially, a machine takes many X-ray 'slices' of the breast that can then be pieced back together to create a virtual 3D image of the breast. To learn more, you can watch an animation about digital tommosynthesis at http://www.cancerquest.org/detection-digital-tomosynthesis.html .
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) 3D Breast Imaging, Imaging, Tomosynthesis, Breast Cancer, Breast Imaging
1
Answer |
6 months ago
I have to preface this answer by saying that I am NOT a clinician of any kind. Chemotherapy frequently causes short-term anemia because it disproportionately affects rapidly dividing cells. Our blood cells, both red and white, come from rapidly dividing precursors that live in bone marrow. I would think that it is possible to have longer-term affects on red blood cell production/development as a result of chemotherapy. There could also be indirect causes of the anemia, like metabolic changes that hurt red cell development. Again, I am not a physician, but it certainly seems plausible. You should certainly see a physician about the problem and discuss any dietary changes as well.
I have to preface this answer by saying that I am NOT a clinician of any kind. Chemotherapy frequently causes short-term anemia because it disproportionately affects rapidly dividing cells. Our blood cells, both red and white, come from rapidly dividing precursors that live in bone marrow. I would think that it is possible to have longer-term affects on red blood cell production/development as a result of chemotherapy. There could also be indirect causes of the anemia, like metabolic changes that hurt red cell development. Again, I am not a physician, but it certainly seems plausible. You should certainly see a physician about the problem and discuss any dietary changes as well.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Red Blood Cells, Chemotherapy Side Effects, Anemia, Long Term Side Effects, Side Effects
1
Answer |
6 months ago
A biomarker is something that provides information (often indirectly) about a biological process or event. An example is elevated cholesterol. High cholesterol is frequently associated with coronary heart disease and so is a biomarker for heart disease.
With respect to cancer, there are different types of biomarkers that are used to guide treatment. In breast cancer, there are several that are routinely checked by pathologists.
An example using the estrogen receptor (ER): The estrogen receptor is a protein the binds to estrogen (when it is present). Once they are bound together, the receptor:estrogen duo can cause the activation/repression of a variety of genes, altering cellular activity. In general, estrogen acts as a growth factor for breast cells. When breast cancer is diagnosed, the cancer is examined for the presence of the the estrogen receptor. If it is present, that is an indication that the cancer cells are still 'listening' to the signals sent via estrogen. If the ER is NOT there (but the cells are still dividing - causing the cancer), it is an indication that the cells are more abnormal. They no longer require the signals provided by estrogen.
What does this mean for the patient?
Breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor (ER positive) may respond to treatments that block estrogen production/activity (i.e. tamoxifen).
ER negative tumors may be more aggressive and are not nearly as likely to respond to ER blockers (antagonists).
Other biomarkers in breast cancer include the HER2 protein (a growth factor receptor) and the progesterone receptor (PR).
The identification of biomarkers allows clinicians to personalize the treatment of individual patients, based on their molecular profiles. A biomarker is something that provides information (often indirectly) about a biological process or event. An example is elevated cholesterol. High cholesterol is frequently associated with coronary heart disease and so is a biomarker for heart disease.
With respect to cancer, there are different types of biomarkers that are used to guide treatment. In breast cancer, there are several that are routinely checked by pathologists.
An example using the estrogen receptor (ER): The estrogen receptor is a protein the binds to estrogen (when it is present). Once they are bound together, the receptor:estrogen duo can cause the activation/repression of a variety of genes, altering cellular activity. In general, estrogen acts as a growth factor for breast cells. When breast cancer is diagnosed, the cancer is examined for the presence of the the estrogen receptor. If it is present, that is an indication that the cancer cells are still 'listening' to the signals sent via estrogen. If the ER is NOT there (but the cells are still dividing - causing the cancer), it is an indication that the cells are more abnormal. They no longer require the signals provided by estrogen.
What does this mean for the patient?
Breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor (ER positive) may respond to treatments that block estrogen production/activity (i.e. tamoxifen).
ER negative tumors may be more aggressive and are not nearly as likely to respond to ER blockers (antagonists).
Other biomarkers in breast cancer include the HER2 protein (a growth factor receptor) and the progesterone receptor (PR).
The identification of biomarkers allows clinicians to personalize the treatment of individual patients, based on their molecular profiles.
With respect to cancer, there are different types of biomarkers that are used to guide treatment. In breast cancer, there are several that are routinely checked by pathologists.
An example using the estrogen receptor (ER): The estrogen receptor is a protein the binds to estrogen (when it is present). Once they are bound together, the receptor:estrogen duo can cause the activation/repression of a variety of genes, altering cellular activity. In general, estrogen acts as a growth factor for breast cells. When breast cancer is diagnosed, the cancer is examined for the presence of the the estrogen receptor. If it is present, that is an indication that the cancer cells are still 'listening' to the signals sent via estrogen. If the ER is NOT there (but the cells are still dividing - causing the cancer), it is an indication that the cells are more abnormal. They no longer require the signals provided by estrogen.
What does this mean for the patient?
Breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor (ER positive) may respond to treatments that block estrogen production/activity (i.e. tamoxifen).
ER negative tumors may be more aggressive and are not nearly as likely to respond to ER blockers (antagonists).
Other biomarkers in breast cancer include the HER2 protein (a growth factor receptor) and the progesterone receptor (PR).
The identification of biomarkers allows clinicians to personalize the treatment of individual patients, based on their molecular profiles. A biomarker is something that provides information (often indirectly) about a biological process or event. An example is elevated cholesterol. High cholesterol is frequently associated with coronary heart disease and so is a biomarker for heart disease.
With respect to cancer, there are different types of biomarkers that are used to guide treatment. In breast cancer, there are several that are routinely checked by pathologists.
An example using the estrogen receptor (ER): The estrogen receptor is a protein the binds to estrogen (when it is present). Once they are bound together, the receptor:estrogen duo can cause the activation/repression of a variety of genes, altering cellular activity. In general, estrogen acts as a growth factor for breast cells. When breast cancer is diagnosed, the cancer is examined for the presence of the the estrogen receptor. If it is present, that is an indication that the cancer cells are still 'listening' to the signals sent via estrogen. If the ER is NOT there (but the cells are still dividing - causing the cancer), it is an indication that the cells are more abnormal. They no longer require the signals provided by estrogen.
What does this mean for the patient?
Breast cancers that express the estrogen receptor (ER positive) may respond to treatments that block estrogen production/activity (i.e. tamoxifen).
ER negative tumors may be more aggressive and are not nearly as likely to respond to ER blockers (antagonists).
Other biomarkers in breast cancer include the HER2 protein (a growth factor receptor) and the progesterone receptor (PR).
The identification of biomarkers allows clinicians to personalize the treatment of individual patients, based on their molecular profiles.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Biomarkers, Biology, Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Biomarkers, Cancer Biology
1
Answer |
6 months ago
VEGF is an acronym for the vascular endothelial derived growth factor. VEGF is a protein produced by the cells that make up the lining of blood vessels (and others) and its role is to promote the development of blood vessels (angiogenesis). VEGF binds to a receptor located on the surface of some cells. This makes VEGF the 'ligand' for that receptor. (Please see my answer re: ligands for more details on that term.) Both VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR) are proteins.
Tumor cells are abnormal but they still need the nutrients provided by blood and need to get rid of waste products. Tumors that don't get a blood supply can only grow to an extremely small size. Tumors that do get a blood supply can get larger and also use the blood vessels to move to other parts of the body (metastasize). Cancer cells can either produce VEGF themselves or 'trick' nearby cells into making it. Either way, they cause blood vessels to come over to the tumor, feeding it. There are many other factors beside VEGF that can cause blood vessels to grow.
There are approved cancer drugs that block the VEGF:VEGFR interaction. An example is Avastin®. One reason why cancer can progress even when Avastin® is used is the presence of other things that can cause angiogenesis. Much current work is going into identifying the different factors that cause blood vessels to grow and to the development of drugs that can block these factors. Probably the best approach will be a 'cocktail' of different drugs that target several angiogenesis factors at once.
VEGF is an acronym for the vascular endothelial derived growth factor. VEGF is a protein produced by the cells that make up the lining of blood vessels (and others) and its role is to promote the development of blood vessels (angiogenesis). VEGF binds to a receptor located on the surface of some cells. This makes VEGF the 'ligand' for that receptor. (Please see my answer re: ligands for more details on that term.) Both VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR) are proteins.
Tumor cells are abnormal but they still need the nutrients provided by blood and need to get rid of waste products. Tumors that don't get a blood supply can only grow to an extremely small size. Tumors that do get a blood supply can get larger and also use the blood vessels to move to other parts of the body (metastasize). Cancer cells can either produce VEGF themselves or 'trick' nearby cells into making it. Either way, they cause blood vessels to come over to the tumor, feeding it. There are many other factors beside VEGF that can cause blood vessels to grow.
There are approved cancer drugs that block the VEGF:VEGFR interaction. An example is Avastin®. One reason why cancer can progress even when Avastin® is used is the presence of other things that can cause angiogenesis. Much current work is going into identifying the different factors that cause blood vessels to grow and to the development of drugs that can block these factors. Probably the best approach will be a 'cocktail' of different drugs that target several angiogenesis factors at once.
Tumor cells are abnormal but they still need the nutrients provided by blood and need to get rid of waste products. Tumors that don't get a blood supply can only grow to an extremely small size. Tumors that do get a blood supply can get larger and also use the blood vessels to move to other parts of the body (metastasize). Cancer cells can either produce VEGF themselves or 'trick' nearby cells into making it. Either way, they cause blood vessels to come over to the tumor, feeding it. There are many other factors beside VEGF that can cause blood vessels to grow.
There are approved cancer drugs that block the VEGF:VEGFR interaction. An example is Avastin®. One reason why cancer can progress even when Avastin® is used is the presence of other things that can cause angiogenesis. Much current work is going into identifying the different factors that cause blood vessels to grow and to the development of drugs that can block these factors. Probably the best approach will be a 'cocktail' of different drugs that target several angiogenesis factors at once.
VEGF is an acronym for the vascular endothelial derived growth factor. VEGF is a protein produced by the cells that make up the lining of blood vessels (and others) and its role is to promote the development of blood vessels (angiogenesis). VEGF binds to a receptor located on the surface of some cells. This makes VEGF the 'ligand' for that receptor. (Please see my answer re: ligands for more details on that term.) Both VEGF and its receptor (VEGFR) are proteins.
Tumor cells are abnormal but they still need the nutrients provided by blood and need to get rid of waste products. Tumors that don't get a blood supply can only grow to an extremely small size. Tumors that do get a blood supply can get larger and also use the blood vessels to move to other parts of the body (metastasize). Cancer cells can either produce VEGF themselves or 'trick' nearby cells into making it. Either way, they cause blood vessels to come over to the tumor, feeding it. There are many other factors beside VEGF that can cause blood vessels to grow.
There are approved cancer drugs that block the VEGF:VEGFR interaction. An example is Avastin®. One reason why cancer can progress even when Avastin® is used is the presence of other things that can cause angiogenesis. Much current work is going into identifying the different factors that cause blood vessels to grow and to the development of drugs that can block these factors. Probably the best approach will be a 'cocktail' of different drugs that target several angiogenesis factors at once.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Ligands, VEGF Ligand, Research, Angiogenesis
1
Answer |
6 months ago
The term 'ligand' is a generic one. It is not specific to cancer. A ligand is something that binds to something else. Typically, the term is applied to the things that bind to cellular 'receptors' to turn the receptors on. As an example, estrogen (a lipid hormone) is the ligand for the estrogen receptor (a protein). Once the receptor has bound estrogen, it can do its job. In this case that would be to turn on and off a set of genes. Other receptor/ligand pairs do different things. They can make cells divide, make cells die, or do things less dramatic, like cause cells to take up nutrients from their environment.
As an aside, some cancer drugs work by blocking the interactions between cellular receptors and their ligands. Examples include tamoxifen, which blocks the estrogen receptor:estrogen interaction and Avastin® which blocks the VEGF:VEGF receptor interaction by binding to free VEGF. The term 'ligand' is a generic one. It is not specific to cancer. A ligand is something that binds to something else. Typically, the term is applied to the things that bind to cellular 'receptors' to turn the receptors on. As an example, estrogen (a lipid hormone) is the ligand for the estrogen receptor (a protein). Once the receptor has bound estrogen, it can do its job. In this case that would be to turn on and off a set of genes. Other receptor/ligand pairs do different things. They can make cells divide, make cells die, or do things less dramatic, like cause cells to take up nutrients from their environment.
As an aside, some cancer drugs work by blocking the interactions between cellular receptors and their ligands. Examples include tamoxifen, which blocks the estrogen receptor:estrogen interaction and Avastin® which blocks the VEGF:VEGF receptor interaction by binding to free VEGF.
As an aside, some cancer drugs work by blocking the interactions between cellular receptors and their ligands. Examples include tamoxifen, which blocks the estrogen receptor:estrogen interaction and Avastin® which blocks the VEGF:VEGF receptor interaction by binding to free VEGF. The term 'ligand' is a generic one. It is not specific to cancer. A ligand is something that binds to something else. Typically, the term is applied to the things that bind to cellular 'receptors' to turn the receptors on. As an example, estrogen (a lipid hormone) is the ligand for the estrogen receptor (a protein). Once the receptor has bound estrogen, it can do its job. In this case that would be to turn on and off a set of genes. Other receptor/ligand pairs do different things. They can make cells divide, make cells die, or do things less dramatic, like cause cells to take up nutrients from their environment.
As an aside, some cancer drugs work by blocking the interactions between cellular receptors and their ligands. Examples include tamoxifen, which blocks the estrogen receptor:estrogen interaction and Avastin® which blocks the VEGF:VEGF receptor interaction by binding to free VEGF.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Biology, Breast Cancer, Ligand, Cancer Biology
1
Answer |
6 months ago
The MINDACT clinical trial was designed to test whether a molecular test of 70 genes (MammaPrint) is better than standard clinical/pathological tests at predicting which women with early stage breast cancer will benefit from receiving chemotherapy. More details on the trial can be found on the NCI website at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=526522&version=healthprofessional and from the manufacturer at http://www.agendia.com/pages/mindact/128.php. The trial is ongoing (in Europe). A recent publication from Germany suggests that the test may be better at grouping patients into 'low' and 'high' risk of recurrence than currently used tests (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383789).
The MINDACT clinical trial was designed to test whether a molecular test of 70 genes (MammaPrint) is better than standard clinical/pathological tests at predicting which women with early stage breast cancer will benefit from receiving chemotherapy. More details on the trial can be found on the NCI website at http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/search/view?cdrid=526522&version=healthprofessional and from the manufacturer at http://www.agendia.com/pages/mindact/128.php. The trial is ongoing (in Europe). A recent publication from Germany suggests that the test may be better at grouping patients into 'low' and 'high' risk of recurrence than currently used tests (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383789).
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Agendia, MammaPrint, Clinical Trial Results, Breast Cancer Treatment, MINDACT Clinical Trial, MammaPrint (Agendia), Clinical Trials
1
Answer |
8 months ago
I am not a physician and don't treat patients. With that in mind, it would seem that the impact of an infection on the timing of the process (post-antibiotics) would depend on many factors, including the impact of the infection on the breast tissue,and how the breast heals from the surgery and the complication (infection). I imagine that this decision would be very individualized, for each patient. Sorry that I can't be more specific but perhaps one of the reconstruction surgeons on this site can help with this in more detail.
Infections can occur following any type of surgery. The risk of getting an infection after breast reconstruction is low because the immune system can help defend the body from bacteria if they have invaded and are trying to multiply. Antibiotics can also be used to specifically fight different types of bacteria following certain surgical procedures and are sometimes given preventively. When an infection does occur it is because the defense mechanisms have been compromised and the invading bacteria grow. Specifically with implants the bacteria may enter through a wound healing problem. They attach to the implant shell and hide from the bloodstream that normally delivers the body’s immune response as well as antibiotics.
The management of this type of infection is difficult and almost always requires removing the implant. When the infection resolves and the area is healthy then it is possible to restart the process. Usually it is 3 to 6 months before it is safe to try another implant. It is occasionally possible to save the implant when the infection has been caught early and treated with antibiotics and surgery to wash the implant pocket and to put a new one in. This approach usually involves antibiotics for a long time and uncertainty about recurrence of the infection weeks or months later when the powerful antibiotics have been discontinued. It is important to realize that the antibiotics may resolve the outward signs of infection at first but it only takes the surviving bacteria hiding on the implant to restart the infection when the antibiotics have been discontinued. With each new infection the bacteria may become more difficult to control because of resistance to the antibiotics. At this point it is usually my advice to consider a new option for breast reconstruction that does not involve an implant. Usually the skin and fat can be transferred from the tummy, buttock or thighs. This can be done without sacrificing any of the important muscles. In my practice 30 % of my patients have had problems with implants and we a can successfully replace implant problems with healthy tissue and obtain a permanent natural result.
James E. Craigie, M.D.
The management of this type of infection is difficult and almost always requires removing the implant. When the infection resolves and the area is healthy then it is possible to restart the process. Usually it is 3 to 6 months before it is safe to try another implant. It is occasionally possible to save the implant when the infection has been caught early and treated with antibiotics and surgery to wash the implant pocket and to put a new one in. This approach usually involves antibiotics for a long time and uncertainty about recurrence of the infection weeks or months later when the powerful antibiotics have been discontinued. It is important to realize that the antibiotics may resolve the outward signs of infection at first but it only takes the surviving bacteria hiding on the implant to restart the infection when the antibiotics have been discontinued. With each new infection the bacteria may become more difficult to control because of resistance to the antibiotics. At this point it is usually my advice to consider a new option for breast reconstruction that does not involve an implant. Usually the skin and fat can be transferred from the tummy, buttock or thighs. This can be done without sacrificing any of the important muscles. In my practice 30 % of my patients have had problems with implants and we a can successfully replace implant problems with healthy tissue and obtain a permanent natural result.
James E. Craigie, M.D.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Tissue Expanders, Infections, Breast Surgery, Breast Reconstruction, Surgery Infections, Surgery
2
Answers |
8 months ago
The obvious answer is to prevent metastasis by improving early detection. If you ignore that, there are several new technologies that are very promising. One of the main problems with the systemic treatments (like chemotherapy) that are used to treat cancer is that they affect many normal cells, leading to unwanted side-effects. The best new treatments will have to limit their side-effects. These include:
1. Nanotechnology - this field uses microscopic particles to deliver drugs to cancer cells. They 'home' in to the cancer cells and don't hurt normal cells.
2. Anti-angiogenesis treatments- Angiogenesis is the development of blood vessels. Tumors 'trick' the body into providing them with blood vessels, giving them access to nutrients, oxygen and a way to spread. Because angiogenesis is limited to only a few normal conditions (i.e. pregnancy) in adults, these treatments have the ability to starve tumors. Anti-angiogenesis drugs (including Avastin) DO have side effects and do not always work.
They key is to find something that is UNIQUE to the particular cancer cells being treated, whether it is the things they need (like lots of sugar) or don't need. Newer targeted therapies are a step in this direction but they still affect normal cells to an extent. The obvious answer is to prevent metastasis by improving early detection. If you ignore that, there are several new technologies that are very promising. One of the main problems with the systemic treatments (like chemotherapy) that are used to treat cancer is that they affect many normal cells, leading to unwanted side-effects. The best new treatments will have to limit their side-effects. These include:
1. Nanotechnology - this field uses microscopic particles to deliver drugs to cancer cells. They 'home' in to the cancer cells and don't hurt normal cells.
2. Anti-angiogenesis treatments- Angiogenesis is the development of blood vessels. Tumors 'trick' the body into providing them with blood vessels, giving them access to nutrients, oxygen and a way to spread. Because angiogenesis is limited to only a few normal conditions (i.e. pregnancy) in adults, these treatments have the ability to starve tumors. Anti-angiogenesis drugs (including Avastin) DO have side effects and do not always work.
They key is to find something that is UNIQUE to the particular cancer cells being treated, whether it is the things they need (like lots of sugar) or don't need. Newer targeted therapies are a step in this direction but they still affect normal cells to an extent.
1. Nanotechnology - this field uses microscopic particles to deliver drugs to cancer cells. They 'home' in to the cancer cells and don't hurt normal cells.
2. Anti-angiogenesis treatments- Angiogenesis is the development of blood vessels. Tumors 'trick' the body into providing them with blood vessels, giving them access to nutrients, oxygen and a way to spread. Because angiogenesis is limited to only a few normal conditions (i.e. pregnancy) in adults, these treatments have the ability to starve tumors. Anti-angiogenesis drugs (including Avastin) DO have side effects and do not always work.
They key is to find something that is UNIQUE to the particular cancer cells being treated, whether it is the things they need (like lots of sugar) or don't need. Newer targeted therapies are a step in this direction but they still affect normal cells to an extent. The obvious answer is to prevent metastasis by improving early detection. If you ignore that, there are several new technologies that are very promising. One of the main problems with the systemic treatments (like chemotherapy) that are used to treat cancer is that they affect many normal cells, leading to unwanted side-effects. The best new treatments will have to limit their side-effects. These include:
1. Nanotechnology - this field uses microscopic particles to deliver drugs to cancer cells. They 'home' in to the cancer cells and don't hurt normal cells.
2. Anti-angiogenesis treatments- Angiogenesis is the development of blood vessels. Tumors 'trick' the body into providing them with blood vessels, giving them access to nutrients, oxygen and a way to spread. Because angiogenesis is limited to only a few normal conditions (i.e. pregnancy) in adults, these treatments have the ability to starve tumors. Anti-angiogenesis drugs (including Avastin) DO have side effects and do not always work.
They key is to find something that is UNIQUE to the particular cancer cells being treated, whether it is the things they need (like lots of sugar) or don't need. Newer targeted therapies are a step in this direction but they still affect normal cells to an extent.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Anti-angiogenesis, Breast Cancer, Nanotechnology, Metastatic Breast Cancer, Breast Cancer Research, Research
1
Answer |
8 months ago
The Mammaprint test, developed by Agendia (http://www.agendia.com/pages/mammaprint/21.php), is used to predict whether early breast cancer is likely to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. This is accomplished by looking (at the molecular level) at the activity of 70 different genes known to be involved in the progression of cancer. The results group the cancers into 'low' or 'high' risk for spread of cancer and can be used to guide treatment decisions. The test was initially approved in 2007 (http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048477.htm).
The development of accurate molecular tests for drug sensitivity and prediction of disease progression is critical. These tests have the potential to spare patients treatments that are unlikely to work for their cancer and let them begin more effective treatments immediately. Essentially, the tests allow clinicians to treat each cancer case individually. These types of test will (and already have had) have a great impact on cancer survival and quality of life for patients. The Mammaprint test, developed by Agendia (http://www.agendia.com/pages/mammaprint/21.php), is used to predict whether early breast cancer is likely to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. This is accomplished by looking (at the molecular level) at the activity of 70 different genes known to be involved in the progression of cancer. The results group the cancers into 'low' or 'high' risk for spread of cancer and can be used to guide treatment decisions. The test was initially approved in 2007 (http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048477.htm).
The development of accurate molecular tests for drug sensitivity and prediction of disease progression is critical. These tests have the potential to spare patients treatments that are unlikely to work for their cancer and let them begin more effective treatments immediately. Essentially, the tests allow clinicians to treat each cancer case individually. These types of test will (and already have had) have a great impact on cancer survival and quality of life for patients.
The development of accurate molecular tests for drug sensitivity and prediction of disease progression is critical. These tests have the potential to spare patients treatments that are unlikely to work for their cancer and let them begin more effective treatments immediately. Essentially, the tests allow clinicians to treat each cancer case individually. These types of test will (and already have had) have a great impact on cancer survival and quality of life for patients. The Mammaprint test, developed by Agendia (http://www.agendia.com/pages/mammaprint/21.php), is used to predict whether early breast cancer is likely to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. This is accomplished by looking (at the molecular level) at the activity of 70 different genes known to be involved in the progression of cancer. The results group the cancers into 'low' or 'high' risk for spread of cancer and can be used to guide treatment decisions. The test was initially approved in 2007 (http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm048477.htm).
The development of accurate molecular tests for drug sensitivity and prediction of disease progression is critical. These tests have the potential to spare patients treatments that are unlikely to work for their cancer and let them begin more effective treatments immediately. Essentially, the tests allow clinicians to treat each cancer case individually. These types of test will (and already have had) have a great impact on cancer survival and quality of life for patients.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Risk Assessment, Mammaprint, MammaPrint, Breast Cancer, Agendia, Breast Cancer Treatment, MammaPrint (Agendia), Breast Cancer Risk Assessment
1
Answer |
8 months ago
Breast cancer survivors can have pain that lasts for several years after treatment. There are many factors that play into this, including the type of treatment (surgery and chemo) and the use of hormonal drugs like tamoxifen. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656272). You don't say where the pain is, but generic versions of tamoxifen have been associated with joint pain (arthralgia). Interestingly, the brand name drug (Nolvadex) does not seem to cause those symptoms(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347307). The other hormonal drugs,called aromatase inhibitors, are also associated with arthralgia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249443).
Breast cancer survivors can have pain that lasts for several years after treatment. There are many factors that play into this, including the type of treatment (surgery and chemo) and the use of hormonal drugs like tamoxifen. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21656272). You don't say where the pain is, but generic versions of tamoxifen have been associated with joint pain (arthralgia). Interestingly, the brand name drug (Nolvadex) does not seem to cause those symptoms(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20347307). The other hormonal drugs,called aromatase inhibitors, are also associated with arthralgia (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21249443).
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Medication Side Effects, Chemotherapy Side Effects, Long Term Side Effects, Side Effects, Pain, Breast Cancer Side Effects, Tamoxifen
1
Answer |
8 months ago
There are many studies that have looked at the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk. The results are not yet clear. This is due, in part, to the fact that the women who tend to take the contraceptives are unlikely to get breast cancer, so the numbers in the studies are low and hard to compare. A recent study did show that there is no link between use of oral contraceptives and survival of women who have breast cancer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551244). Another recent study showed that IN COMBINATION with other factors, use of oral contraceptives may influence risk of breast cancer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21467202).
There are many studies that have looked at the relationship between the use of oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk. The results are not yet clear. This is due, in part, to the fact that the women who tend to take the contraceptives are unlikely to get breast cancer, so the numbers in the studies are low and hard to compare. A recent study did show that there is no link between use of oral contraceptives and survival of women who have breast cancer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551244). Another recent study showed that IN COMBINATION with other factors, use of oral contraceptives may influence risk of breast cancer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21467202).
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Breast Cancer Studies, Oral Contraceptives, Breast Cancer, Pre-menopausal, Breast Cancer Risk
1
Answer |
8 months ago
I am not a physician so I'm answering this from the perspective of a biologist. Chemotherapy can certainly have long-term side-effects. Most of them are directly related to the cellular targets of the drugs (i.e. the pain or tingling in the hands/feet seen in some cancer patients is caused by specific types of damage caused by the drugs used). The question is not detailed enough for me to research an accurate answer. What is the nature of the problem? The treatment received? The cancer? etc. Sorry I can't be of more help on this.
I am not a physician so I'm answering this from the perspective of a biologist. Chemotherapy can certainly have long-term side-effects. Most of them are directly related to the cellular targets of the drugs (i.e. the pain or tingling in the hands/feet seen in some cancer patients is caused by specific types of damage caused by the drugs used). The question is not detailed enough for me to research an accurate answer. What is the nature of the problem? The treatment received? The cancer? etc. Sorry I can't be of more help on this.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Chemotherapy Side Effects, Metabolism, Side Effects, Iron, Chemotherapy
1
Answer |
8 months ago
First, to clarify, I am NOT an MD or a clinician, I am a PhD and my area of expertise is in cancer biology. That being said, there are several different methods, in addition to mammography, that can be used to screen for breast cancer.
1. Ultrasound- Ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound waves that 'bounce' off of internal structures and can provide a picture of the inside of a breast.
2. Elastography- This is a variant of ultrasound in which two different images are obtained. The breast is imaged in the normal way and is then re-imaged while it is being compressed (squashed). The idea behind this is that normal breast tissue will easily squash down but cancers are hard and do not change shape when the breast is flattened out. When the two images are compared, areas can be identified that failed to flatten out.
3. Breast MRI-Magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong magnet to alter the properties of the water in the tissue being examined (breast tissue in this case) to create an image of the breast.
If any of the methods above lead to the suspicion of cancer, a biopsy can be performed to determine if cancer is present. Note that NO medical test is perfect and it is important to understand the limitations of the tests (see below).
Learn more about cancer detection and diagnosis methods on the CancerQuest website: http://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-detection-diagnosis. Videos are also available about medical testing. First, to clarify, I am NOT an MD or a clinician, I am a PhD and my area of expertise is in cancer biology. That being said, there are several different methods, in addition to mammography, that can be used to screen for breast cancer.
1. Ultrasound- Ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound waves that 'bounce' off of internal structures and can provide a picture of the inside of a breast.
2. Elastography- This is a variant of ultrasound in which two different images are obtained. The breast is imaged in the normal way and is then re-imaged while it is being compressed (squashed). The idea behind this is that normal breast tissue will easily squash down but cancers are hard and do not change shape when the breast is flattened out. When the two images are compared, areas can be identified that failed to flatten out.
3. Breast MRI-Magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong magnet to alter the properties of the water in the tissue being examined (breast tissue in this case) to create an image of the breast.
If any of the methods above lead to the suspicion of cancer, a biopsy can be performed to determine if cancer is present. Note that NO medical test is perfect and it is important to understand the limitations of the tests (see below).
Learn more about cancer detection and diagnosis methods on the CancerQuest website: http://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-detection-diagnosis. Videos are also available about medical testing.
1. Ultrasound- Ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound waves that 'bounce' off of internal structures and can provide a picture of the inside of a breast.
2. Elastography- This is a variant of ultrasound in which two different images are obtained. The breast is imaged in the normal way and is then re-imaged while it is being compressed (squashed). The idea behind this is that normal breast tissue will easily squash down but cancers are hard and do not change shape when the breast is flattened out. When the two images are compared, areas can be identified that failed to flatten out.
3. Breast MRI-Magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong magnet to alter the properties of the water in the tissue being examined (breast tissue in this case) to create an image of the breast.
If any of the methods above lead to the suspicion of cancer, a biopsy can be performed to determine if cancer is present. Note that NO medical test is perfect and it is important to understand the limitations of the tests (see below).
Learn more about cancer detection and diagnosis methods on the CancerQuest website: http://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-detection-diagnosis. Videos are also available about medical testing. First, to clarify, I am NOT an MD or a clinician, I am a PhD and my area of expertise is in cancer biology. That being said, there are several different methods, in addition to mammography, that can be used to screen for breast cancer.
1. Ultrasound- Ultrasound is the use of high frequency sound waves that 'bounce' off of internal structures and can provide a picture of the inside of a breast.
2. Elastography- This is a variant of ultrasound in which two different images are obtained. The breast is imaged in the normal way and is then re-imaged while it is being compressed (squashed). The idea behind this is that normal breast tissue will easily squash down but cancers are hard and do not change shape when the breast is flattened out. When the two images are compared, areas can be identified that failed to flatten out.
3. Breast MRI-Magnetic resonance imaging uses a strong magnet to alter the properties of the water in the tissue being examined (breast tissue in this case) to create an image of the breast.
If any of the methods above lead to the suspicion of cancer, a biopsy can be performed to determine if cancer is present. Note that NO medical test is perfect and it is important to understand the limitations of the tests (see below).
Learn more about cancer detection and diagnosis methods on the CancerQuest website: http://www.cancerquest.org/cancer-detection-diagnosis. Videos are also available about medical testing.
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Ultrasound, Elastography, Breast Cancer Screening, Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Heterogeneous Breasts, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), Screening Mammograms, Dense Breasts, Mammographically Occult Lesions
1
Answer |
8 months ago
The term for the movement of cancer to new locations in the body is metastasis. The new tumors that form at those locations are called metastases.
Metastasis occurs in several different ways. Cancer can spread to other parts of the body by:
1. invading a lymphatic vessel and floating to a new location.
2. invading a blood vessel and floating to a new location.
3. directly 'seeding' nearby organs via physical contact. This occurs most frequently with tumors in the abdominal and pelvic area.
To move to the new location, the cancer cells have to crawl over/past other cells and produce enzymes that act like molecular scissors to help them clear a path as they move. Metastasis is an active process. Most normal (non-blood) cells do not migrate around the body so metastasis is a feature of cancer cells.
Learn more about metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
Learn about formation of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/formation-of-metastases
Learn about routes of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/routes-of-metastasis The term for the movement of cancer to new locations in the body is metastasis. The new tumors that form at those locations are called metastases.
Metastasis occurs in several different ways. Cancer can spread to other parts of the body by:
1. invading a lymphatic vessel and floating to a new location.
2. invading a blood vessel and floating to a new location.
3. directly 'seeding' nearby organs via physical contact. This occurs most frequently with tumors in the abdominal and pelvic area.
To move to the new location, the cancer cells have to crawl over/past other cells and produce enzymes that act like molecular scissors to help them clear a path as they move. Metastasis is an active process. Most normal (non-blood) cells do not migrate around the body so metastasis is a feature of cancer cells.
Learn more about metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
Learn about formation of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/formation-of-metastases
Learn about routes of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/routes-of-metastasis
Metastasis occurs in several different ways. Cancer can spread to other parts of the body by:
1. invading a lymphatic vessel and floating to a new location.
2. invading a blood vessel and floating to a new location.
3. directly 'seeding' nearby organs via physical contact. This occurs most frequently with tumors in the abdominal and pelvic area.
To move to the new location, the cancer cells have to crawl over/past other cells and produce enzymes that act like molecular scissors to help them clear a path as they move. Metastasis is an active process. Most normal (non-blood) cells do not migrate around the body so metastasis is a feature of cancer cells.
Learn more about metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
Learn about formation of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/formation-of-metastases
Learn about routes of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/routes-of-metastasis The term for the movement of cancer to new locations in the body is metastasis. The new tumors that form at those locations are called metastases.
Metastasis occurs in several different ways. Cancer can spread to other parts of the body by:
1. invading a lymphatic vessel and floating to a new location.
2. invading a blood vessel and floating to a new location.
3. directly 'seeding' nearby organs via physical contact. This occurs most frequently with tumors in the abdominal and pelvic area.
To move to the new location, the cancer cells have to crawl over/past other cells and produce enzymes that act like molecular scissors to help them clear a path as they move. Metastasis is an active process. Most normal (non-blood) cells do not migrate around the body so metastasis is a feature of cancer cells.
Learn more about metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
Learn about formation of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/formation-of-metastases
Learn about routes of metastasis: http://www.cancerquest.org/routes-of-metastasis
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Cancer Biology, Metastasis, Metastatic Cancer, Cancer
1
Answer |
8 months ago
Metastasis is the spread of cancer from the site where it originally forms. Metastasis is extremely important in cancer and is responsible for about 90% of the deaths caused by cancer. When cancer spreads to new locations, new tumors can develop. Technically, the term 'cancer' is reserved for tumors that are invasive, that is, they are able to spread to new locations. Growths that are not able to metastasize are called benign. Benign growths can still cause problems or death but they do not leave their original location.
Learn more about metastasis and watch a video of the process: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview Metastasis is the spread of cancer from the site where it originally forms. Metastasis is extremely important in cancer and is responsible for about 90% of the deaths caused by cancer. When cancer spreads to new locations, new tumors can develop. Technically, the term 'cancer' is reserved for tumors that are invasive, that is, they are able to spread to new locations. Growths that are not able to metastasize are called benign. Benign growths can still cause problems or death but they do not leave their original location.
Learn more about metastasis and watch a video of the process: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
Learn more about metastasis and watch a video of the process: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview Metastasis is the spread of cancer from the site where it originally forms. Metastasis is extremely important in cancer and is responsible for about 90% of the deaths caused by cancer. When cancer spreads to new locations, new tumors can develop. Technically, the term 'cancer' is reserved for tumors that are invasive, that is, they are able to spread to new locations. Growths that are not able to metastasize are called benign. Benign growths can still cause problems or death but they do not leave their original location.
Learn more about metastasis and watch a video of the process: http://www.cancerquest.org/metastasis-overview
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Cancer Biology, Metastasis, Metastatic Cancer, Cancer
1
Answer |
8 months ago
Currently, there is no cure for lymphedema.
Lymphedema can be treated in several ways. Mild lymphedema can be treated by elevating the affected limb and the use of compression bandages. More severe lymphedema requires additional wrapping and is treated by lymphedema specialists. Exercise is also part of both prevention and treatment of lymphedema. Fortunately, lymphedema is less common due to the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which reduces the risk of lymphedema developing.
Watch a video about lymphedema and lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Read about lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/treatment-for-lymphedema Currently, there is no cure for lymphedema.
Lymphedema can be treated in several ways. Mild lymphedema can be treated by elevating the affected limb and the use of compression bandages. More severe lymphedema requires additional wrapping and is treated by lymphedema specialists. Exercise is also part of both prevention and treatment of lymphedema. Fortunately, lymphedema is less common due to the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which reduces the risk of lymphedema developing.
Watch a video about lymphedema and lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Read about lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/treatment-for-lymphedema
Lymphedema can be treated in several ways. Mild lymphedema can be treated by elevating the affected limb and the use of compression bandages. More severe lymphedema requires additional wrapping and is treated by lymphedema specialists. Exercise is also part of both prevention and treatment of lymphedema. Fortunately, lymphedema is less common due to the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which reduces the risk of lymphedema developing.
Watch a video about lymphedema and lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Read about lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/treatment-for-lymphedema Currently, there is no cure for lymphedema.
Lymphedema can be treated in several ways. Mild lymphedema can be treated by elevating the affected limb and the use of compression bandages. More severe lymphedema requires additional wrapping and is treated by lymphedema specialists. Exercise is also part of both prevention and treatment of lymphedema. Fortunately, lymphedema is less common due to the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which reduces the risk of lymphedema developing.
Watch a video about lymphedema and lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Read about lymphedema treatment. http://www.cancerquest.org/treatment-for-lymphedema
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Radiation Side Effects, Lymphedema, Side Effects, Breast Cancer Side Effects, Lymphedema Treatment, Surgery Side Effects
2
Answers |
9 months ago
Lymphedema is swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues. When the fluid accumulates in a place from which is does not have an easy exit (like an arm or leg), swelling, pain and loss of function can occur.
Risk factors for developing lymphedema include medical procedures, infections and injury:
1. Surgery that damages (or removes) lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels. Frequently, cancer surgeons remove lymph nodes to help them stage the disease. If more lymph nodes are removed, the risk is increased.
2. Radiation therapy to treat cancer can cause damage to the lymphatic system and increase risk for lymphedema.
3. Trauma/Injury to the lymphatic system.
4. Infectious disease. Some parasites can invade and impair the function of the lymphatic system. This is much more common outside the United States.
Learn about lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Learn about preventing lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/prevention-of-lymphedema Lymphedema is swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues. When the fluid accumulates in a place from which is does not have an easy exit (like an arm or leg), swelling, pain and loss of function can occur.
Risk factors for developing lymphedema include medical procedures, infections and injury:
1. Surgery that damages (or removes) lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels. Frequently, cancer surgeons remove lymph nodes to help them stage the disease. If more lymph nodes are removed, the risk is increased.
2. Radiation therapy to treat cancer can cause damage to the lymphatic system and increase risk for lymphedema.
3. Trauma/Injury to the lymphatic system.
4. Infectious disease. Some parasites can invade and impair the function of the lymphatic system. This is much more common outside the United States.
Learn about lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Learn about preventing lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/prevention-of-lymphedema
Risk factors for developing lymphedema include medical procedures, infections and injury:
1. Surgery that damages (or removes) lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels. Frequently, cancer surgeons remove lymph nodes to help them stage the disease. If more lymph nodes are removed, the risk is increased.
2. Radiation therapy to treat cancer can cause damage to the lymphatic system and increase risk for lymphedema.
3. Trauma/Injury to the lymphatic system.
4. Infectious disease. Some parasites can invade and impair the function of the lymphatic system. This is much more common outside the United States.
Learn about lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Learn about preventing lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/prevention-of-lymphedema Lymphedema is swelling caused by the accumulation of lymph fluid in tissues. When the fluid accumulates in a place from which is does not have an easy exit (like an arm or leg), swelling, pain and loss of function can occur.
Risk factors for developing lymphedema include medical procedures, infections and injury:
1. Surgery that damages (or removes) lymph nodes or lymphatic vessels. Frequently, cancer surgeons remove lymph nodes to help them stage the disease. If more lymph nodes are removed, the risk is increased.
2. Radiation therapy to treat cancer can cause damage to the lymphatic system and increase risk for lymphedema.
3. Trauma/Injury to the lymphatic system.
4. Infectious disease. Some parasites can invade and impair the function of the lymphatic system. This is much more common outside the United States.
Learn about lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/lymphedema-introduction
Learn about preventing lymphedema: http://www.cancerquest.org/prevention-of-lymphedema
New answer by CancerQuest (Organization (Verified)) in topic(s) Radiation Side Effects, Lymphedema, Side Effects, Surgery Side Effects
1
Answer |
9 months ago
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